Will this work with PLA/ABS?

[curious aardvark]

I reckon it's worth a try :-)

make it solid. so a solid diaphragm every layer.
even 100% infill doesn't usually produce a solid item.

Given that the teeth engage fully with the chain, the main stress isn't going to be on the tips of the gear teeth, but at the base where it's very strong.
And pet-g is probably your best bet.
Although it can be tricky to get the printing settings just right. when you do it is extremely strong.
So rather than just make the body thicker, make the teeth valleys deeper as well and the tips of the teeth less pointy.

As fred said, carbon filled nylon would also be a good material to try. But even the carbon filled nylon isn't particularly stiff.

For pla - go for transparent, I've always found it's a lot tougher and more durable than any of coloured pla's.

Give it a shot, what have you got to lose ? :-)