Sigh.
So the configuration problem is solved. It was super complicated. I had to check the "origin at center" box. *facepalm* Now I'm printing at full speed. Quality is improved, but I'm still getting spiderwebbing. It seems like some PLA is slightly leaking out from the top of the nozzle causing globs of material to be deposited. Now that the machine is moving full speed it is much less, but it's still definitely there.