Ender 3 Pro - Clogging nozzle and skipping extruder on second layer

[Gooz74]

Hi all,

recently I have been experiencing a strange problem with my Ender 3 Pro. Like I mention in the title, from the second layer on, the extruder starts skipping what results in a clogged nozzle.
I've been trying to find what the problem can be but without any result. I will attach a picture of the last print where I had to stop the printing on the second layer.

Things I've already tried to solve (in this order) the issue but without any result:
- Tried another spool
- Levelled the bed
- Tried another nozzle
- Checked the Z offset (BL Touch)
- Tried a new bowden tube
- Tried a new hotend + bowden tube + nozzle + extruder

I have managed to print a small test cube of 20x20x20mm and the Z axis measures 19.88mm.
When I look back on when the issue started, I would think this was together when I upgraded to Cura 5.8.0 (don't know if there can be the issue).

I will try to go back a (couple of) version(s) of Cura later on to see if this is the issue.
I hope there is anybody that can help me finding the issue so I can start printing again.