In an effort to develop micro-scale heating elements, a research group at the University of Maryland was looking for alternative methods of manufacturing a heating element capable of targeting objects in a micro- or nano-scale environment. The researchers developed a method of 3D printing very small high-temperature, high-rate heaters capable of being applied to a wide range of nano-scale manufacturing processes. These micro heating units can be 3D printed in virtually any 3D shape using an extremely concentrated aqueous graphene oxide ink material. You can read more about these micro-scale, 3D printed heating elements over on 3DPrint.com: https://3dprint.com/135079/graphene-...ting-elements/